Primary Processes
Primary refining process does not involve chemical changes in oil and are its physical separation into fractions. First Field oil is the primary process of purification of crude oil petroleum gas, water and solids - this process is called the primary separation of oil. [1]
The oil
Oil enters the refinery as prepared for transport form. The plant is subjected to additional mechanical purification, removal of dissolved light hydrocarbons (C1-C4) and dehydration in the electric desalting plant (CDU).
Atmospheric distillation
Oil comes in a distillation column at atmospheric distillation (distillation at atmospheric pressure), which is divided into several factions: the light and heavy gasoline fractions, kerosene fraction, diesel fraction and the remainder of the atmospheric distillation - heating oil. The quality of the fractions does not meet the requirements to trade oil products, so the fraction is further (secondary) processing.
Vacuum distillation
Vacuum distillation - the process of distillation of oil (atmospheric distillation residue) fractions, suitable for processing in motor fuels, oils, paraffin and ceresin and other refined products and petrochemical synthesis. Remaining after this heavy residue called tar. Can serve as raw material for production of bitumen.
Secondary processes
The purpose of secondary processes is the increase in the number of motor fuels produced, they are related to the chemical modification of hydrocarbon molecules that make up the oil, usually with their transformation into a more easily oxidized form.
In their areas, all secondary processes can be divided into 3 types:
Deepening: catalytic cracking, thermal cracking, visbreaking, delayed coking, hydrocracking, bitumen production, etc.
Ennobles: reforming, hydrotreating, isomerization, etc.
Other: processes for the production of oils, MTBE, alkylation, production of aromatic hydrocarbons, etc.
Reforming
Catalytic reforming - catalytic aromatization products (increased content arena as a result of reaction formation of aromatic hydrocarbons). Are reforming gasoline fractions boiling range 85-180 ° C [2]. As a result of reforming gasoline fraction is enriched with aromatic compounds and its octane number increased to about 85. The product (reformate) is used as an ingredient for the production of motor gasoline, and as a raw material for the extraction of aromatic hydrocarbons.
Catalytic Cracking
Catalytic cracking - the process of catalytic thermal treatment of petroleum fractions to produce high-octane gasoline component and unsaturated fatty gases. Feedstock for catalytic cracking are atmospheric and light vacuum gas oil, the objective of the process is the splitting of heavy hydrocarbon molecules, which would use them for the production of fuel. In the cracking process, a large amount of fat (propane-butane) gases, which are divided into separate factions and are mostly used in the tertiary processes at the refinery. The main products of cracking are pentane-hexane fraction (so-called. Natural gasoline) and naphtha cracker, which are used as components of gasoline. Residue cracking unit is a component of fuel oil.
Hydrocracking
Hydrocracking - the process of splitting molecules of hydrocarbons in excess of hydrogen. Hydrocracker feedstock is heavy vacuum gas oil (average fraction of vacuum distillation). The main source of hydrogen is natural gas reforming. The main products are diesel fuel hydrocracker and Sc. Hydrocracking gasoline (gasoline components).
Coking
The process of obtaining petroleum coke from heavy fractions and residues of secondary processes.
The isomerization
The process of obtaining izouglevodorodov (isopentane, iso-hexane) of the hydrocarbons of normal structure. The aim of the process is to obtain raw materials for the petrochemical industry (isoprene from isopentane) and high-octane components of gasoline.
The alkylation
Alkylation - alkyl introduction into the molecule of an organic compound. Alkylating agents are typically alkyl halides, alkenes, epoxy alcohols, less aldehydes, ketones, esters, sulfides, diazoalkany.
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